Factors That Affect Streptomyces Growth Biology Essay

Variables That Affect Streptomyces Growth Biology Essay The development of a microorganism is very needy upon the encompassing ecological conditions. Each creature has a scope of ideal conditions at which individuals from its species will develop in a perfect world. Inoculum, temperature, pH and broke down oxygen fixation (among different components) inside the media is frequently deliberately controlled in mechanical applications as deviations from the ideal conditions regularly effectsly affect the development rate and action of the creature (Shuler and Kargi, 1992). When coordinating tests including microbial development, the readiness and nature of the inocula are as significant as some other parameter control. In Streptomyces if mycelia are utilized in the inoculum, numerous uncontrolled factors will develop. These factors incorporate age, feeling of anxiety and development phase of the cells, all of which required ought to be controlled (Kieser et al., 2000). This issue deteriorates when endeavoring to start preliminaries over a time of a while as even little varieties in the populace size of the inoculum can bring about huge changes in the level and pace of development. Streptomyces vegetative inocula are frequently arranged through the expansion of a few provinces here and there from numerous starter plates to modest quantities of media. This is a while later hatched until adequate biomass is created, as decided through optical thickness estimations of the media. This strategy for vegetative inoculum utilized by Jakeman et al. (2004) is via ble in getting biomass; all things considered it doesn't give the steady inoculum required to relative preliminaries. The quantity of cells inside the inoculum is difficult to legitimately gauge and the conflicting way of at first including cells can bring about cells at various phases of development or feeling of anxiety. Another strategy for setting up an inoculum is to gather spores from the chose culture and store under conditions not good for germination. The cells inside a spore suspension stay in a reliable state while as yet giving a moment inoculum (Kutzner and Nitsch, 1970). This procedure additionally permits long haul stockpiling of a reasonable inoculum that should create dependable outcomes. By suspending the spores in a delicate agar spore suspension, Kutzner and Nitsch (1970) have demonstrated that a suspension of Streptomyces spores will stay practical as an inoculum longer than a year. Temperature The bacterial development conduct is enormously affected by numerous variables, for example, ecological conditions and the physiological condition of the microscopic organisms. The temperature of the earth straightforwardly influences the movement and development of cells; each specie has a perfect temperature for development that is impacted by its physiology (Shuler and Kargi, 1992). This ideal temperature for development may not be equivalent to the temperature at which metabolites are created most effectively. Streptomyces venezuelae ISP 5230 are mesophilic microscopic organisms, which implies that their ideal development temperature is somewhere in the range of 15 and 40 Â °C. For each expansion of 10 Â °C closer to the ideal development temperature, the development pace of microorganisms around copies (Truelstrup-Hansen et al, 2002). In the event that the media temperature is above ideal, the pace of development is decreased. The temperatures utilized for Streptomyces venezue lae development have been refered to as 30 Â °C Â ± 2 Â °C (Wang and Vining, 2003; Jakeman et al., 2006). At 42 Â °C Streptomyces venezuelae express warmth stun qualities that propel sporulation and anti-toxin creation (Yang et al., 2008). pH So also to temperature, the pH (hydronium particle centralization) of the media influences the development pace of microbes by affecting the movement of cell catalysts (Shuler and Kargi, 1992). To accomplish the most extreme development rate level, current writing suggests developing Streptomyces venezuelae in a media with the upkeep of pH between 6.0 7.8 (Jakeman et al., 2006). The ideal pH levels are frequently extraordinary while expanding development rate and most noteworthy item yield (Shuler and Kargi, 1992). Be that as it may, microbes are frequently ready to develop inside an immense scope of pH. Studies on the Streptomyces species by Kontro et al. (2005) have discovered the ideal pH scopes of development and sporulation for this species to be somewhere in the range of 5.5 and 11.5. The examination executed by Kontro et al. (2005) has additionally discovered that the media emphatically influences the corrosive resistance of Streptomyces species. At the point when developed at pH 4 of every a media that contains yeast remove most species remembered for the investigations couldn't develop, while at the pH of 7 most of species showed greatest development rate on most kinds of media. So as to support the pH of the development medium to approach impartial qualities, a cushion called MOPS (3-(N-morpholino) propanesulfonic corrosive) is regularly utilized for this types of Streptomyces. While considering the impacts of carbon sources on anti-microbial creation by Streptomyces venezuelae, MOPS was added to jadomycin B creation media by Jakeman et al. (2006) be that as it may, no cradle was added to the Maltose yeast remove malt separate (MYM) agar that was utilized for the development during the investigation. Glazebrook et al. (1990) examined the impact of various carbon sources on Streptomyces venezuelae sporulation in insignificant LS media. In this media, enough measures of MOPS were added to keep up the pH of the media at close to impartial qualities for e ach carbon source with the exception of glucose. During development in glucose-based LS media, a high creation of oxo-acids was watched bringing about development hindrance. Broken down Oxygen The broke down oxygen accessible to bacterial cells inside the media can be a restricting element if the pace of utilization surpasses the pace of flexibly (Schuler, 2000). There is a basic oxygen fixation selective to every bacterium species, above which the development rate is free of the media broke up oxygen focus. This worth is generally 5 10 % of the most extreme immersion level; anyway the greatest immersion is impacted through the presence of broke up salts, organics, and the medias temperature (Shuler and Kargi, 1992). The creation of auxiliary metabolites can likewise be affected through broke up oxygen fixation. During anti-microbial creation Streptomyces clavuligerus, expanded oxygen immersion over the basic disintegrated oxygen focus which brought about extra item and biomass yield (Yegneswaran et al., 1991) up to the most extreme immersion breaking point of oxygen in the media. Substrate The substrate utilized in the media is a significant factor that can influence development pace of the microorganisms just as its attributes. For example, Kontro et al. (2005) found that Streptomyces species changed its conduct as acidophiles, neutrophiles or alkalophiles, contingent upon the development media. Most species would develop ideally at pH that is close to unbiased or somewhat antacid conditions on a media that included yeast remove (Kontro et al., 2005). Streptomyces venezuelae is developed utilizing numerous carbon sources including glycerol, glucose, lactose, mannose, maltotriose, maltose starch and that's only the tip of the iceberg. The impact of these carbon sources on development and optional metabolite creation is needy upon numerous components, for example, pH (Kontro et al., 2005). For instance, concentrates on the sporulation of Streptomyces venezuelae in fluid media by Glazebrook et al., (1990) found that while maltose upheld the development and sporulation of Streptomyces venezuelae, glucose essentially repressed sporulation. In particular, when developed in insignificant LS media utilizing glucose as the primary carbon source, the pH of the media dropped quickly with the creation of oxo-acids by the microbes. The expanded causticity likely added to development hindrance; anyway the glucose was accounted for to likewise inhibitorily affect sporulation that was un-identified with the expanded corrosiveness of the media. As the jadomycin group of anti-microbials is connected to the sporulation pathway (Wang and Vining, 2003), it is obvious that the media hugy affects the development and anti-toxin creation by Streptomyces venezuelae. Work by Jakeman et al. (2006) found that the carbon source provided in to the media additionally has an impact on the anti-microbial creation by Streptomyces venezuelae. The impact of a few sugars on jadomycin B creation was examined and significant contrasts in anti-microbial creation between sugars were dis covered, where glucose was seen as ideal. Warmth Balance The bacterial conduct is significantly impacted by the natural temperature; anyway the digestion and movement of microscopic organisms likewise influences media temperature. Normally around 50 60 % of vitality delivered during the digestion of supplements inside a framework is changed into heat vitality (Shuler and Kargi, 1992). The digestion of sugar is an incredible wellspring of warm vitality that must be mulled over in bioreactor structure (Ben-Hassan et al., 1992). Streptomyces venezuelae vigorously use sugars for vitality and the creation of metabolites. In industry, the measure of substrate utilized by the microorganism for development and item union decides the financial practicality of the procedure. The warmth vitality delivered can be resolved through the usage of a warmth balance model (Ghaly et al., 1992). When the warmth of blending is resolved, the vitality produced by Streptomyces venezuelae can be resolved. The work by Ghaly et al. (1992) on the warmth created throug h blending and digestion during lactose maturation indicated that the temperature of media expanded from 22 to 32 Â °C with bacterial development (Figure 3.9). This expansion in temperature was because of the warmth created by the yeast (7.4 Jâ ·s-1) just as the warmth of blending (1.01 Jâ ·s-1). The measure of warmth created by the life forms in a bioreactor can be assessed by demonstrating the warmth transition over the limit of the encased framework. This scientific model or warmth balance adjusts the warm vitality produced inside a framework with the vitality put away and lost from the framework (Ben-Hassan et al., 1992). To build up a warmth balance utilizing this

Jonathan Kozols Amazing Grace Essay -- Amazing Grace Essays Jo

Jonathan Kozol's Amazing Graceâ â â â â Â While perusing Amazing Grace, one can't get away from the apparently unlimited stories of hardship and torment. The setting behind this grasping story is the South Bronx of New York City, with the principle center around the Mott Haven lodging task and its encompassing neighborhood. Here dark and Hispanic families attempt to adapt to the divergence that encompasses them. Mott Haven is where youngsters must place in the lobbies of the structure, since playing outside is to quite a bit of a hazard. The structure is loaded up with rodents and cockroaches in the late spring, and needs heat and OK water in the winter. This image of the ghetto isn't one of expectation, however one of dread. Indeed, even the clinics overhauling the areas are filthy and do not have the staff that is required for quality essential consideration. In the event that spotless bed sheets are required the patients must put them on themselves. This book is loaded up with accounts of genuine individuals and their bat tles. Every story, however unique in content, has a similar essential point, endurance. On a visit given by Cliffie ( a multi year old that Kozol met in the nearby church) , the peruser gets the opportunity to see the area through the eyes of a kid. Cliffie shows the peruser a once green park, that is currently evaporated and earthy colored with teddy bears swinging from the appendages of tree limbs com a kids executed from that region. Further down the square, where they consume groups of individuals is brought up. Notably, it was an incinerator for perilous waste items moved from New York City clinics. No, no bodies just things like the incidental excised appendage, fetal tissue, needles, dirtied bedding, and utilized wraps are accumulated until they can be singed. On days that they consume the air is overwhelming and... ...he issues. The issues don't root from one individual nor do they stop at another, they are continually reoccurring in spite of the various circumstances. This technique just adds to the force of the issues. At the point when you shut the book or rest around evening time the issues don't simply end, they continue developing. Kozol leaves his accounts without ends. He makes no suspicions, nor does he spiel some politically right talk concerning how things could be better. The fact is the stun that there is no simple arrangement. The issues never end. In the finish of his book he records the names of each one of the individuals who kicked the bucket inside the time length it took to finish his book. The main determination he offers is an arrangements of silly passings that never closes. Works Cited: Kozol, Jonathan. Astounding Grace: The Lives of Children and the Conscience of a Nation. New York: Harper, 1996. Â Jonathan Kozol's Amazing Grace Essay - Amazing Grace Essays Jo Jonathan Kozol's Amazing Graceâ â â â â Â While perusing Amazing Grace, one can't get away from the apparently unlimited stories of hardship and torment. The setting behind this grasping story is the South Bronx of New York City, with the fundamental spotlight on the Mott Haven lodging task and its encompassing neighborhood. Here dark and Hispanic families attempt to adapt to the dissimilarity that encompasses them. Mott Haven is where youngsters must place in the corridors of the structure, since playing outside is to a lot of a hazard. The structure is loaded up with rodents and cockroaches in the late spring, and needs heat and better than average water in the winter. This image of the ghetto isn't one of expectation, yet one of dread. Indeed, even the medical clinics adjusting the areas are grimy and do not have the staff that is required for quality essential consideration. In the event that spotless bed sheets are required the patients must put them on themselves. This book is loaded up with accounts of genuine individ uals and their battles. Every story, however extraordinary in content, has a similar essential point, endurance. On a visit given by Cliffie ( a multi year old that Kozol met in the nearby church) , the peruser gets the opportunity to see the area through the eyes of a kid. Cliffie shows the peruser a once green park, that is currently evaporated and earthy colored with teddy bears swinging from the appendages of tree limbs com a kids executed from that territory. Further down the square, where they consume collections of individuals is called attention to. Things being what they are, it was an incinerator for perilous waste items shipped from New York City emergency clinics. No, no bodies just things like the infrequent removed appendage, fetal tissue, needles, dirtied bedding, and utilized wraps are accumulated until they can be scorched. On days that they consume the air is overwhelming and... ...he issues. The issues don't root from one individual nor do they stop at another, they are continually reoccurring in spite of the various circumstances. This strategy just adds to the force of the issues. At the point when you shut the book or rest around evening time the issues don't simply end, they continue developing. Kozol leaves his accounts without ends. He makes no suppositions, nor does he spiel some politically right talk with regards to how things could be better. The fact of the matter is the stun that there is no simple arrangement. The issues never end. In the finish of his book he records the names of each one of the individuals who kicked the bucket inside the time length it took to finish his book. The main decision he offers is an arrangements of silly passings that never closes. Works Cited: Kozol, Jonathan. Astounding Grace: The Lives of Children and the Conscience of a Nation. New York: Harper, 1996. Â

Personal Values Essay Samples

Personal Values Essay SamplesPersonal values essays are an excellent and easy way to express your views on a subject. You can either write your own or copy an existing essay. The importance of knowing how to create such essays is that they help you to form an opinion on a particular topic by observing what others think and doing the same.It can be difficult, however, to create a value-based essay due to the fact that they are frequently subjective in nature. This can make them less than effective for certain people. This is why it is important to find sample essays to go by. With sample essays you can get a better idea of what to include and what to omit from your own essay.In order to obtain a personal values essay samples, you should first gather as much information as possible about the topic. This means reading books, articles, and looking at data to get a feel for the area you are writing about. Even though you may not have to choose between personal values essays and something else, it is always good to do some research to find out which style of essay suits you best. This will save you time and make the process of writing much easier.If you choose to write your own personal values essay, it is important to understand that there is no one single way to write a personal values essay. In fact, there are many styles and sub-styles. Each style is different from the next, depending on who writes the essay, who support the essay, and the essay itself. So before beginning to write your personal values essay, it is wise to find a style that you like and stick with it.When researching essay samples, it is best to find a template that has been created by someone who has already put their name on it. This is because when you see a sample, it will show you the mannerisms and suggestions of the writer. This is important since people will write differently on a certain topic. Also, when reviewing the sample, you will quickly notice how other writers use different aspec ts of the topic.Another way to find essay samples is to visit other websites that deal with the topic of personal values. Once you find a page that you like, it is best to browse through other topics to see what is already being used in essays. This will help you know if there is a specific style that will suit you.Most writers will have a little different opinion on a certain topic. However, most people can agree on a few things. When reviewing the essay samples, it is important to look for certain features. These features can help you to come up with a specific style for your own personal values essay.In conclusion, personal values essay samples can be helpful to you in that they help you to form an opinion on a certain topic. However, you should also be able to write a style of essay that is unique to you. By reviewing a few sample essays, you can see what style of essay is best for you and choose the style that works best for you.

Citibank Indonesia - 1224 Words

Case 1: Citibank Indonesia 1. Citibank’s budgeting process is based on a bottom-up method. It is not compromised of specific goals to be attained by individual operating units, but is composed for the corporation as a whole. Citibank was aiming for long-term goals, which call for profit growth of 12-15% per year, 1.25% return on assets, and 20% return on equity. These standards are set for the entire company, and individual sectors, such as international branches, usually set their own higher goals because they expect to exceed the norms. Headquarters send out budget instructions mid-year with all the financial information from January through June. It is the operating manager’s job to prepare a forecast for the remaining period of the†¦show more content†¦One is just to accept the changes and increase the budget. He would have to adapt to the new budget realizing the risks associated have to be taken. Another possibility is to reduce to a minimum Citibank’s loans to government or private enterprises because of lower returns. Also, he could increase the loan amounts given to commercial enterprises to boost profits. Mr. Mistri could talk with Mr. Gibson and negotiate a better budget based on further information of the current conditions. Last option would be to reject the proposed budget and continue pursuing the current budget. This method may cause problems between management and is not favorable. 4. Mr. Gibson needs to set up meetings among subordinate managers and take into consideration more factors, such as sovereign and return risks, market conditions, and employee turnover ratios, to appropriately allocate the $4 million. Managers need to communicate at all levels in order gain insight of all the aspects of the situation through several discussions and negotiations. Mr. Mistri and other country managers should be been given a chance to give their feedback on the newly purposed budget. In this way, a more informative budget can be processed that better represents future expectations of the company that has its own unique situations. Mr. Gibson could better allocate the budgeting objectives between the countries by evaluating and incorporating sovereign and return risksShow MoreRelatedShould Citibank Launch The Card Product? Why Or Why Not?1239 Words   |  5 Pages1-) Should Citibank launch the card product? Why or why not? Citibank has established its consumer business in Asia over a period of eleven years and they have projected themselves in fifteen different countries as a prestigious, consumer oriented international bank and also as the undisputed leader in most marketplaces. Rana Talwar, the head of Citibank’s Asia Pacific Consumer Bank is now considering if they should launch a new product, which is a credit card (1). This is a great idea and I believeRead MoreInternship Report on Citi Bank11361 Words   |  46 Pagesnews about Citi bank Bibliography INTRODUCTION TO CITI BANK Citibank is a major international bank, founded in 1812 as the City Bank of New York, later First National City Bank of New York. Citibank is now the consumer and corporate banking arm of financial services giant Citigroup, one of the largest companies in the world. As of March 2007, it is the largest bank in the United States by holdings. 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Citigroup was formed from one of the world s largest mergers in history by combining the banking giant Citicorp and financial conglomerate Travelers Group. Nowadays is one of the world’s largest banks. In 2010 was in 22nd position worldwide, ranked on its total assets. Finally, it has the world s largest financial services network, spanning 140 countriesRead MoreShared Values1926 Words   |  8 PagesBusiness Policy Assignment: â€Å"Creating Shared Value† CITIBANK amp; HSBC 9/26/2013 D Siddhartha Reddy-014 PGDM-Finance Executive Summary How to reinvent capitalism and unleash a wave of innovation and growth by Michael Porter and Mark Kramer Shared Value is a new form of capitalism. The idea of shared value was initially explored by the authors in December 2006 HBR. 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The Black Death Is The Murderer Of Millions - 1312 Words

Logan Jolicoeur Ms. Gillam English 1 Honors 24 March 2016 The Black Death The Black Death, which was the murderer of millions. People in the 1300’s were dying from a virus, that made them feel like they were in a nightmare. The Bubonic plague killed over â…“ of the European population, which was twenty million people, just in the first few years of the plague hitting Europe. Historians witnessing the plague describe it as horrific, disturbing, and a punishment from God. The Bubonic plague, or Black death, was the most devastating pandemics in human history causing the deaths of millions, losing valuable information, technology and people, increasing the knowledge of medical science and changing of society. The origins of the Black Death can be traced back to the Gobi desert in the 1320’s. No one really knows the sudden eruption of the plague, however from the desert it spread in all directions. One direction of great importance was going east towards China. China had started to suffer the Black Death during the 1330’s, this time is significant because amidst the High middle ages, trade expansion was going great, strengthening trade with Europe and Asia. With trade, ships were a key factor in spreading the disease between the continents. The rats carrying the disease known as bacterium Yersinia Pestis on the ships. These â€Å"death ships† arrived in 1347 in the Sicilian port of Messina, after a protracted amount of time sailing the Black Sea, when the people came to greet them, allShow MoreRelatedEssay about The Death Penalty1700 Words   |  7 Pages The death penalty is a very controversial subject. I think that we should use the death penalty instead of placing murderers, rapists, and people who commit treason in prison or letting them out on parol. People that commit the most heinous of crimes should receive the most heinous of consequences. Isnt that just the most fair way to deal with those offenders of the law? 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The Lottery Free Essays

The title of the story suggests a positive outcome. But upon reading the first couple of paragraphs, we see that a different plot is coming together. Outline 1. We will write a custom essay sample on The Lottery or any similar topic only for you Order Now Many people gathered. a. Three hundred people b. Small town. 2. Children a. Gathering Stones b. Summertime c. Talked of school and teachers 3. Adults gathering a. Men began to show up b. Women then came, stood by husbands 4. Black box a. What was it for? b. Why were slips of paper in the box? 5. Past Lotteries’ a. What were the Lotteries’ for? b. Lots of talk on how the Lotteries’ were in the past. 6. Mr. Summers a. Official over the Lottery b. Also the Postmaster 7. Drawing of the slips of paper a. Whispers through the crowd. b. No one wants it to be him or her. c. Claims of no fairness 8. Black dot on paper a. What does dot symbolize? b. What is the dot for? 9. Stoning of the person a. Why do they stone the person with the black dot? b. What is the purpose of this ritual? The Rocking Horse Winner As little boy overwhelmed with the financial situation within his family, turns to his rocking horse to get the winners of the horse races in the local town for luck. Outline 1. Mother a. No love for children b. No luck c. Seen as a great mother 2. Home a. Anxiety in the home b. Screamed out need more money 3. Paul a. Wondered why there was no luck? b. Asked mother about luck c. Searched for clues about luck himself d, Why did he die? What did he die from? 4. Bassett a. Who is Bassett? b. Friend, cousin, imaginary. 5. Uncle Oscar a. Genuine or deceitful b. Why is he interested in Paul’s comments? 6. Rocking Horse a. What was special about the rocking horse? b. Did it have magic powers? c. Did Paul have a disability that allowed him to think differently? d. How did Paul get the names of the Horses that would win from his rocking horse? How to cite The Lottery, Essay examples The Lottery Free Essays Lisa Marie Shade Prof. Dunn ENG 102-110 August 9, 2012 The Plot Thickens- In Shirley Jackson’s â€Å"The Lottery†. A good harvest has always been vital to civilizations. We will write a custom essay sample on The Lottery or any similar topic only for you Order Now After the fields have been prepared and the seeds sown, the farmer can only wait and hope that the proper balance of rain and sun will ensure a good harvest. From this hope springs ritual. Many ancient cultures believed that growing crops represented the life cycle, beginning with what one associates with the end–death. Seeds buried, apparently without hope of germination, represent death. But with the life forces of water and the sun, the seed grows, representing rebirth. Consequently, ancient peoples began sacrificial rituals to emulate this resurrection cycle. What began as a vegetation ritual developed into a cathartic cleansing of an entire tribe or village. By transferring one’s sins to persons or animals and then sacrificing them, people believed that their sins would be eliminated, a process that has been termed the â€Å"scapegoat† archetype. In her short story â€Å"The Lottery,† Shirley Jackson uses this archetype to build on man’s inherent need for such ritual. To visit upon the scapegoat the cruelties, that most of us seem to have dammed up within us and explores â€Å"the general psychological basis for such cruelty, showing how we tend to ignore misfortunes unless we ourselves are their victims. The Lottery’s [sic. ] then, deals indeed with live issues and with issues relevant to our time. Jackson’s realism makes the final terror and shock more effective and also reinforces our sense of the awful doubleness of the human spirit—a doubleness that expresses itself in the blended good neighborliness and cruelty of the community’s action. Evans, 112) Jackson weaves seasonal and life-death cycle archetypes, which coincide with vegetation rituals, into the story. The lottery takes place every year when the nature cycle peaks in midsummer, a time usually associated with cheerfulness. The villagers of a small town gather together in the square on June 27, a beautiful day, for the town lottery. In other towns, the lott ery takes longer, but there are only 300 people in this village, so the lottery takes only two hours. Village children, who have just finished school for the summer, run around collecting stones. They put the stones in their pockets and make a pile in the square. Men gather next, followed by the women. Parents call their children over, and families stand together. Mr. Summers, a jovial man, who conducts the lottery ceremony, sets the tone of the event with both his name and his mannerisms. But lurking behind him, Mr. Graves quietly assists, his name hinting at a dark undertone. The picnic type atmosphere betrays the serious consequence of the lottery, for like the seed, a sacrificial person must also be buried to bring forth life. Jackson creates balance by assembling Mr. Summers and Mr. Graves to share in the responsibilities of the ritual: Life brings death, and death recycles life. At one point in the village’s history, the lottery represented a grave experience, and all who participated understood the profound meaning of the tradition. But as time passed, the villagers began to take the ritual lightly. They endure it almost as automatons–â€Å"actors† anxious to return to their mundane, workaday lives. Old Man Warner, the only one who seems to recall the seriousness of the occasion, complains that Mr. Summers jokes with everybody. But, even if one does not understand the meaning, the experience provides the individual a place and a meaning in the life of the generations. Because there has â€Å"always been a lottery† (Jackson 216), the villagers feel compelled to continue this horrifying tradition. They do focus, however, on its gruesome rather than its symbolic nature for they still remembered to use stones even after they have forgotten the ritual and lost the original black box (Jackson 218). The reader may conclude that humanity’s inclination toward violence overshadows society’s need for civilized traditions. Mr. Summers asks whether anyone is absent, and the crowd responds that Dunbar isn’t there. Mr. Summers asks who will draw for Dunbar, and Mrs. Dunbar says she will because she doesn’t have a son who’s old enough to do it for her. Mr. Summers asks whether the Watson boy will draw, and he answers that he will. Mr. Summers then asks to make sure that Old Man Warner is there too. Mr. Summers reminds everyone about the lottery’s rules: he’ll read names, and the family heads come up and draw a slip of paper. No one should look at the paper until everyone has drawn. He calls all the names, greeting each person as they come up to draw a paper. Mr. Adams tells Old Man Warner that people in the north village might stop the lottery; he says that giving up the lottery could lead to a return to living in caves. Mrs. Adams says the lottery has already been given up in other villages, and Old Man Warner says that’s â€Å"nothing but trouble. † (Jackson, 216). The shock value of the long process and all the moments’ one character or another could have realized the nonsense of the ritual and spoke up. When Mr. Summers finishes calling names, and everyone opens his or her papers. Word quickly gets around that Bill Hutchinson has â€Å"got it. Tessie argues that it wasn’t fair because Bill didn’t have enough time to select a paper. Mr. Summers asks whether there are any other households in the Hutchinson family, and Bill says no, because his married daughter draws with her husband’s family. Mr. Summers asks how many kids Bill has, and he answers that he has three. Tess’s eagerness to see the lottery through is only paralleled by her desperation to get out of it once it turns out to be her turn. She goes so far as to try to substitute her daughter and son-in-law for herself, yelling, â€Å"There’s Don and Eva†¦ Make them take their chance! Her extreme moral compromise, as she tries to offer up her daughter for the slaughter instead of herself, underlines that this ritual has nothing to do with virtuous martyrdom; Tess is no saint. Her murder is exactly that: a vicious, group killing of a frightened, antiheroic woman. Tessie protests again that the lottery wasn’t fair. Mr. Graves dumps the papers out of the box onto the ground and then puts five papers in for the Hutchinsons. As Mr. Summers calls their names, each member of the family comes up and draws a paper. When they open their slips, they find that Tessie has drawn the paper with the black dot on it. Mr. Summers instructs everyone to hurry up. The villagers grab stones and run toward Tessie, who stands in a clearing in the middle of the crowd. Tessie says it’s not fair and is hit in the head with a stone. Everyone begins throwing stones at her, as even her own children. â€Å"Tessie may be selfish in her reaction, but her claim that the lottery is not fair may still be true. Whereas the common villagers are described as â€Å"taking† their slips, the businessmen â€Å"select† theirs—a subtle implication that the results have been rigged† (Evans, 112-113) Therefore, the base actions exhibited in groups (such as the stoning of Mrs. Hutchinson) do not take place on the individual level, for here such action would be deemed â€Å"murder. † On the group level people classify their heinous act simply as â€Å"ritual. † When Mrs. Hutchinson arrives at the ceremony late, flustered because she had forgotten that today was the day of the lottery. She chats sociably with Mrs. Delacroix. Nevertheless, after Mrs. Hutchinson falls victim to the lottery selection, Mrs. Delacroix chooses a â€Å"stone so large† that she must pick it up with both hands (Jackson 218). Whereas, on the individual level, the two women regard each other as friends, on the group level, they betray that relationship, satiating the mob mentality. The people of the town are caught up in the ritual to such an extent that they have given up any sense of logic. Mob psychology rules their actions. Though they appear to be sane, sensible individuals, when the time of the lottery comes, they abandon their rational nature and revert to the instincts of the herd. This psychological phenomenon is characteristic of humans throughout history. Although Jackson portrays it in its extreme form in this story, the idea that men and women in groups are willing to forgo personal responsibility and act with great cruelty toward others is evidenced in actions such as lynch mobs, racial confrontations, and similar incidents. â€Å"The willingness of people to act irrationally as members of the herd displays aspects that, while unpleasant, are still integral parts of their nature that they must recognize, if they are to keep them in check. † (Mazzeno) A first-time reader of â€Å"The Lottery† often finds the ending a surprise. The festive nature of the gathering and the camaraderie of the townspeople as the lottery is conducted belie the horror that occurs at the conclusion of the tale, is one of the tale’s strongest points. Another strength, however, is â€Å"the skillful way in which Jackson prepares the careful reader for the denouement by including key details so that, on a second reading, one is assured that there is no trick being played on the reader. † (Mazzeno) In comparison to the heavily symbolic figures of Mr. Graves (Death), Mr. Summers (Progress), or Old Man Warner (Tradition), Tess is resolutely anti-symbolic. She’s a woman in an apron with soapsuds on her hands, who cracks jokes and wants to join in her community – but, it turns out, they don’t want her back. She’s the sacrificial lamb for that year, an outsider that the village then violently excludes. Although civilized people may no longer hold lotteries, Jackson’s story illustrates that society’s tendency toward violence and its tendency to hold onto tradition, yet even meaningless, base tradition, reveal our need for both ritual and belonging. Work Cited Evans, Robert C. â€Å"The Lottery. † Short Fiction: A Critical Companion (1997): 112-119. Literary Reference Center. Web. 6 Aug. 2012. Hall, Joan Wylie. â€Å"Shirley Jackson (1916-1965). † Columbia Companion To The Twentieth- Century American Short Story (2000): 310-314. Literary Reference Center. Web. 6 Aug. 2012. Jackson, Shirley. â€Å"The Lottery†. Drama, and Writing Compact sixth ed. New York: Pearson Longman, 2011. 213-218. Print Mazzeno, Laurence W. â€Å"The Lottery. † Masterplots II: Short Story Series, Revised Edition (2004): 1-2. Literary Reference Center. Web. 6 Aug. 2012. Yarmove, Jay A. â€Å"Jackson’s The Lottery. † Explicator 52. 4 (1994): 242. Literary Reference Center. Web. 6 Aug. 2012. How to cite The Lottery, Papers The lottery Free Essays The Lottery Research Paper Shirley Jackson was a devoted mother and writer. Jackson didn’t fit in well in North Bennington, and the town likely served as the setting for the New England town portrayed in â€Å"The Lottery. † â€Å"The Lottery’ caused outrage and controversy when it appeared in the New Yorker in 1948, but many critics now consider it to be Jackson’s most famous work. We will write a custom essay sample on The lottery or any similar topic only for you Order Now Jackson was sometimes thought to be a witch because of her interested in witchcraft and black magic. Almost all of Jackson’s work is reflects horror, hauntings, witchcraft, or psychological unease. She also struggled with both mental and physical illnesses as an adult. Unlike other writers, she found the writing process pleasurable. â€Å"The Lottery’ starts off in a town on a normal day with children going around and collecting rocks. The men of the households are called forward to a wooden box to draw slips of paper. When one of the men sees that he has the black dot on his slip, his wife immediately starts to argue with how the drawing wasn’t fair. The family is brought to the stage where they are to draw their slips of paper. Tess (Mrs. Hutchinson) draws the paper with the black dot and is taken to the center of the town where the town’s people take their stones that the children collected earlier hat day. As the villagers close in to primarily take Tess’s life, all you can hear are her terrified shrilling screams. Shirley Jackson in her work â€Å"The Lottery’ reveals the corrosive factors that result in our blind acceptance of morally questionable traditions that cause social paralysis. â€Å"The Lottery’ starts off as a normal day in the village â€Å"it was clear and sunny with the fresh warmth of a full-summer day’ Oackson 1). This is ironic because it starts off with this allusion of an enjoyable day but really by the end they end up killing one of their own villagers. Jackson does this to create a less serious atmosphere and reflect he attitudes of the community. Instantly, the boys are collecting rocks used to kill the lottery winner at the end of the story. This is an annual thing that the kids do because they have been raised and taught to do so. Because the kids are gradually and systematically exposed to these series of provoking objects and situations, they have become familiar with their actions making it an annual â€Å"game† for the kids (Linz 1). It has become a â€Å"game† for the kids because in the story it states that, â€Å"they gather together quietly for a while before they broke out into boisterous play’ and that they find the smoothest and roundest rocks to stuff in their pockets. † Because the kids are repeatedly exposed to this violence it diminishes the negative affect that was once upon them. They can no longer see it as wrong or feel remorse. They blindly accept this task thats given to them every year and don’t question it. The constant exposure to violence results in less physiological reactivity to other violent actions going on around them (Linz 1). The killing of the villagers is the violence going on. Collecting stones has become a ritual that they believe is right, because it is what they have been raised to do, even though it is wrong. They are Just kids and haven’t been taught that it is morally wrong to be killing friends and family. An example is at the end of the story when Mrs. Hutchinson’s son was handed a few pebbles to throw at his own mother and didn’t hesitate. When they are repeatedly exposed to violence 2). â€Å"Both beamed and laughed Oackson 6). This shows how they still find Joy in the situation even though they are about to kill a member of their family. The story goes on to talk about the families that are attending this so called lottery. The women are described as â€Å"housewives that gossip† Oackson 1) and aren’t as authoritative as the men. While the boys are all collecting the stones, the women are â€Å"standing aside talking among themselves. † In the story â€Å"the women began to call their children, and the children came reluctantly, having called four or five times. † When their father calls to them â€Å"they came quickly’ Oackson 1). It is as if their mothers hadn’t even said anything. This shows how the men are portrayed as the head of the house and they women more as Just the â€Å"housekeeper. † Their voices are not heard in this part of the story and neither at the end when Mrs. Hutchinson claims that, â€Å"It wasn’t fair† and no one does anything about it but continues with the est of the lottery. Women have been known to rarely work outside the house and live their lives caring for their husbands and children while taking care of their home. Most males are prevailed as the dominant gender. The women are seen on a lower status (Gender Prejudice 1). The lottery seems to be run mostly by the men of the town. They are the ones that are in charge of the black box and most of the ceremony. In the story the women are more resistant to the lottery while the men are the ones in control of it. This results in social paralysis of the town because no one wants to change how the lottery is run or who it’s run by. When its time for the drawing, Mr. Dunbar is unable to draw so because he and his wife don’t have kids the â€Å"Wife draws for the husband† Oackson 3). This all goes back to the role of the men and women in the village. The women are to produce many children so that it gives their family a better chance of surviving if their spouse is chosen in the first round (Oehlschlaeger 1). Men are the ones that go out and prevail in the business world while their wives stay home all day. When Mrs. Hutchinson arrives late she makes the statement that she â€Å"Thought my old man was out back stacking wood† and that she Wouldn’t have me leave m’dishes in the sink Oackson 2),† implying that her husband was doing the hard labor out in the yard while she was inside doing dishes. They mention that most of the ritual has been forgotten over the years. â€Å"The original paraphernalia for the lottery had been lost long ago Oackson 1). It has become a habit that no one wants to stop. The lottery has become a social paralysis over time, not allowing anyone to step up and want to change or stop what the lottery is doing to their village. No one questions why they still do it and no one even really knows why they do it in the first place. It has lost its significance over the years and become a yearly act that no one has tried to stop. They don’t want to make a new box because â€Å"No one wanted to upset even as much tradition as was represented by the black box Oackson 1). Tradition is a belief that has been passes down from generations, Just like in â€Å"The Lottery. † Traditions are passes on to gain that sense of continuity and bonding through each other. They are supposed to create that special connection between the families and in this case the town. That’s not what it does though, No one knows the significants of the lottery anymore and no one questions ither. Old Man Warner says, â€Å"Pack of crazy fools† to the people that want to give up the lottery. They think that breaking this time-honored tradition would result in them (Tradition 1), such as drawing the paper from the box and having the men draw first then the family. Even though â€Å"So much of the ritual had been forgotten or discarded Oackson 2),† they still keep that cultural sense to it. The reverence regularly provided in tradition indicates that people follow it willingly even if they don’t know why. â€Å"The people had done it so many times that they only half listened to the directions. † People follow tradition unconsciously because it’s what they are taught to do. This is their blind acceptance of the lottery and social paralysis of not wanting to change what they have continued to do for numerous years. Traditions are invoked to preserve the sanctity of the past family rituals. Societies keep traditions for social connectedness and memories (Tradition 3). Throughout the story, â€Å"The Lottery,† Shirley Jackson uses harsh examples of how the village blindly accepts their morally questionable traditions resulting in social paralysis. They don’t want to change anything about the lottery even though most of he significance has been lost over the years. There is evidence throughout the story that shows how the people blindly accept what they are doing to their town and do it without question. This all demonstrates how society never changes or grows resulting in the social paralysis of the story. Their is social paralysis going on all around the world. Even in Pakistan there are people refusing to act upon the issue of suicide happening at large rates ( Poverty and Social Paralysis. ) The lottery is Just an example of how some societies refuse to change even though what they are doing needs to or should be stopped. How to cite The lottery, Papers The Lottery Free Essays The Lottery Conformity or Pure Selfishness â€Å"The opposite for courage is not cowardice, it is conformity. Even a dead fish can go with the flow†-Jim Hightower. Have you ever been in a situation to where you know a person or a group is doing something wrong, but you choose not to do anything about it? Have you ever done something wrong for so long that it suddenly became a lifestyle for you? Jackson’s story, â€Å"The Lottery†, when it comes to being in the wrong or not speaking up, reminds me of many situations that I have been in or situations that I have witnessed. We will write a custom essay sample on The Lottery or any similar topic only for you Order Now Jackson tries to create multiple thoughts that could go through the readers’ mind. You could think, maybe this event has been around for so long, that it seems normal to the community. You could also think that everyone knows it’s wrong, but is afraid to speak up. In the beginning of the paragraph, I put in a quote about conformity. The quote is saying conformity is a result of a cowardly act. Going with the flow of society when you know it’s wrong is just as bad as not existing in society. â€Å"The Lottery† to me is a selfish act by the society. The beginning of â€Å"The Lottery†, Jackson starts out the story by explaining the scenery. She explains where the town is gathering and continues to explain what the people are doing for the lottery draw. She draws you in from the beginning because as you’re reading, the story automatically starts out with a setting and the town taking action for the lottery draw. At this point, the readers don’t know what the purpose for the lottery draw is. Jackson comes in on the first page saying, â€Å"They stood together, away from the pile of stones in the corner, and their jokes were quiet and they smiled rather than laughed†(Jackson 1). In the beginning, readers wonder what the stones are for and why they are relevant to the story. I think that is how she really captured the readers, by giving details about the lottery draw and not explaining what it was from the beginning. She gradually leads us to the end of the story when she’s talking about the whole town gathering the stones, and on the very last page, it explains what that the stones are the weapons for the person of the draw. In â€Å"The Lottery†, I couldn’t help to think of the movie â€Å"The Hunger Games†. In the movie â€Å"The Hunger Games†, each district sacrifices a human to fight for their community. They are very similar but very different stories. To me, this story is about the town sacrificing a human every year for the rest of the town to survive. â€Å"Next thing you know, they’ll be wanting to go back to living in caves, nobody work anymore, live that way for a while. Used to be a saying about ‘Lottery in June, corn be heavy soon’†(Jackson 5). The town never realized they were in the wrong and to them; this was a normal thing to do. Having the lottery draw every year was a way for the town to survive. â€Å"The lottery was conducted–as were the square dances, the teen club, the Halloween program†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Jackson 1). They treated this event as if it were a community tradition. The only one in the story who took a stand was, Mrs. Hutchinson, the one who was chosen from the lottery draw. Jackson makes the people in this town look selfish, in a way. In the beginning of the story, Mrs. Hutchinson was actually late to the lottery draw. She stood there confidently and started to make jokes about the draw. Once her name was called, she shouted that the drawings are not fair and that we shouldn’t even have a lottery anymore. I think that was a big part in the story. That scene in the story made the readers realize that in this town, people are only looking out for themselves. They will not stand up for something that is wrong, or they will not go out of there way to do what is right unless its to save themselves. Years ago, back in my high school days, I was in a situation where I just sat back and watched something happen, when in the beginning I knew it was wrong. It was in the middle of our Homecoming week, and during that week the senior girls and the junior girls have a Powderpuff game. During that entire week, the seniors and juniors pull little pranks on each other, for example; toilet papering their houses and making funny chants to each other. My senior year, the entire group of girls decided to do something really mean to one of the girls in the junior class that they didn’t like. Most of us girls thought this was normal for homecoming weekend, because there have been girls in the past who have done much worse. Our senior girls printed off pictures of this girl and put her face and her body all over the school. At the time, I just stood there and watched in worry. I knew it wasn’t right from the beginning, but I never did anything to stop it because all of my friends were going along it. The townspeople in â€Å"The Lottery† just went along with the stoning like it was okay, even though in their minds, they had a feeling it wasn’t okay. In this situation, I was considered a townsperson. I went along with it, knowing it was wrong. In the end, I think her argument in the story is that she is trying to make us think about our lives now. She wants to know what would we do if this were how society acted now. Would you be a townsperson, or a stone thrower? Would you sacrifice another human to save yourself? â€Å"The Lottery†, for me, was a reminder that I need to stand up for what is right and I shouldn’t just follow the crowd. Jackson, S. (1948, June 26). American literature. Retrieved from http://www. americanliterature. com/author/shirley-jackson/short-story/the-lottery How to cite The Lottery, Papers

Maria Full of Grace Essay Example

Maria Full of Grace Paper Muted group theory illustrates how a group can acquire power and use it to it to dominate culture. It specifically refers to the gender roles created by society and can also be used to examine cross-cultural case studies. Its name describes how a group in power can manipulate language and communication practices specific to its culture in order to silence the members not included in the dominant group. Maria Full of Grace is an exposi of the complexities surrounding womens involvement in drug trafficking and becoming a woman in a male dominated society. In the movie there are many examples of communication that are impeded because of womens current role in society. The movie opens with its title character, Maria Alvarez , a 17-year-old Colombian, making out her boyfriend, Juan. Juan is completely involved in the moment and hinting that he wants to further accelerate the situation, and he even doesnt notice her indifference to his affection. He attempts to get her to agree to let them go back to her house, but she wants to climb on top of the roof. She emasculates Juan by teasing him and he gets irritated and walks away. Instead of complying with Juans wish to go back to her house, Maria responded by taking control of the situation (especially notable because of its sexual nature) and said, See how you treat me? Youre a drag. Because she attempts to step outside of the expectation that she will fulfill the needs of her lover, she is punished by him walking off and leaving her on the roof by herself. In the next scene, Maria is being mistreated by her male supervisor. We will write a custom essay sample on Maria Full of Grace specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Maria Full of Grace specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Maria Full of Grace specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer He refuses to let her go to the restroom even though she feels nauseated, and then proceeds to demand she clean the mess off the roses after she vomits on them. It is implied Maria takes this kind of abuse on a regular basis. When she next sees her mother and sister, at the local pharmacy, she informs them she quit her job at the factory. They are alarmed and ask when and why this happened. This is sparked by argument over money. It is cultural practice for a Colombian family to all chip in and help out with money, even if it is not equally contributed to. Marias nephew, Pacho, is sick and needs medicine. Diana and her mother tell her she is selfish and should be able to deal with her employment issues for the benefit of the family. They ask her to go back, but Maria refuses, saying she will find other work. This is an example of a socially constructed expectation that works in opposition of womens rights. Maria is being harassed by her employer; this should be handled immediately by reporting him to a company employee in charge of human resources. Instead, she sees the only way to stop it is to quit. Because her word would most likely not be taken seriously, she takes the blame instead of demanding action. This form of oppression is a form of muting an individual because of her gender. Not only does she give up her job, but she is chastised by her own family for not thinking of them first. It is conventional for Hispanic families to function together, even at the expense of a womans happiness. Maria is working to take care of her nephew who has no father in sight. Actually, there are no males besides Pacho in the household that are ever mentioned; this leaves only Maria to provide income. Later in the movie, Maria tells Juan she is pregnant, but she does not want to get married. He contends he must live with her, because society wont accept a guy living in his girlfriends house. Again, Maria departs from the norm by rejecting the necessity of marriage because of a pregnancy. She even goes further to reject the notion of marriage without love. Maria is comfortable with her independence, even as a single mother-a concept foreign to most women in her position. Muted group theory is also applicable in this film because it deals with cultural issues. Women often jeopardize their freedom and lives by agreeing to serve as drug mules or couriers to smuggle illegal drugs into another country. Maria is in desperate need of a job because she is obligated to care for her mother, sister, and nephew. She meets Franklin, who at first seemed very innocent, and he mentions a way she could make money if she would take the chance. Franklin delivers her to Javier, the head of this particular drug cartel in Bogat. He explains the arrangements, but not without offering a charitable donation so she could get her affairs in order. The direction and quality of her life is no longer in her hands; it is in those of the men in authority positions in her life. Even when she is in the United States, her fate is determined by Don Fernando (the Colombian travel agent who offers help to her and Blanca) and the male drug dealers who hold Maria, Blanca, and Lucy captive. Don Fernando chose not to turn them into the police, but he did betray the women by telling Carla about Lucys death and its surrounding circumstances. The drug dealers killed Lucy for the heroin in her body; they had no regard for the life that possessed it. If Maria would have fallen ill, she would have suffered the same outcome. Even after her and Bianca escaped, the men had the ability to harm their families in Colombia. Once they returned to give the dealers their pellets, their own lives were once again endangered. They were fortunate to not be killed, much less receive their payment, but it was not without verbal and physical abuse. Each of the trials Maria faces is caused by a social norm that demands womens subordination to men in different areas of her life. Every aspect of her life was affected by this form of inequality: her sexual relations, her relationship with her boyfriend and family, her employment, her welfare, and her basic right to life. Maria Full of Grace is a paradigm for feature films that illuminate the delicate issues that instigate womens involvement in such reprehensible a exploit as drug trafficking.